Am 8. Juni 793 überfielen Wikinger Lindisfarne, eine Gezeiteninsel vor der Ostküste des Königreichs Northumbria auf den Britischen Inseln. Seit dem 7. Jahrhundert lebten hier Mönche, und die Kirche beherbergte die Reliquien des hl. Cuthbert. Der Brief des northumbrischen Gelehrten Alkuin, Berater Karls des Großen, an König Æthelred ist eine Reaktion auf den Angriff. Wie ist die drastische Sprache des Briefes einzuordnen, und welche Rolle spielt die Plünderung der Kirche?
kommentiert von Tina Bawden
Originaltext Übersetzung Kurzbiographie Kommentar Literaturverweise
Alcuinus: Epistula ad Aethelredum regemnach: Dümmler 1895, S. 42–44, online abrufbar. DOMINO DILECTISSIMO AEÐELREDO REGI ET OMNIBUS OPTIMATIBUS EIUS HUMILIS LEVITA ALCHVINE SALUTEM. Memor dulcissime dilectionis vestre, viri fratres et patres, etiam et honorabiles in Christo domini; desiderans longeva prosperitate patriam divinam nobis conservare misericordiam, quam gratuita largitate per suam nobis olim contulit gratiam; idcirco sepius vos, karissimi commilitones, vel presens, si Deus annuerit, verbis vel absens spiritu inspirante divino scriptis ammonere non cesso, et que ad sospitatem patriae terrene atque ad beatitudinem perpetuae pertinere noscuntur sepius iterando, quasi civibus eiusdem patrie, auribus ingerere vestris; ut multoties audita mentibus inolescant ad salutem. Quae est enim karitas in amicum, si utilia tacet amico? Cui debet homo fidem, si non patrie? Cui prosperitatem, si non civibus? Duplici enim germanitate concives sumus: unius civitatis in Christo, id est matris ecclesiae filii, et unius patriae indigene. Ideo vestra non horrescat humanitas benigne accipere, quod mea offerre pro salute patrie studet devotio. Nec culpas vobis invehere me arbitramini; sed poenas amovere velle intellegite. Ecce trecentis et quinquaginta ferme annis, quod nos nostrique patres huius pulcherrime patrie incole fuimus, et numquam talis terror prius apparuit in Brittannia, veluti modo a pagana gente perpessi sumus, nec eiusmodi navigium fieri posse putabatur. Ecce ecclesia sancti Cuðberhti sacerdotum Dei sanguine aspersa, omnibus spoliata ornamentis, locus cunctis in Brittannia venerabilior, paganis gentibus datur [43] ad depredandum. Et ubi primum post discessum sancti Paulini ab Euboracia christiana religio in nostra gente sumpsit initium, ibi miserie et calamitatis coepit exordium. Quis hoc non timet? quis hoc quasi captam patriam non plangit? Vineam electam vulpes depredarunt, hereditas Domini data est populo non suo. Et ubi laus Domini, ibi ludus gentium. Festivitas sancta versa est in luctum. Attentius considerate, fratres, et diligentissime perspicite, ne forte hoc inconsuetum et inauditum malum aliqua inauditi mali consuetudine promereretur. Non dico, quod fornicationis peccata prius non essent in populo. Sed a diebus Aelfwaldi regis fornicationes adulteria et incestus inundaverunt super terram, ita ut absque omni verecundia etiam et in ancillis Deo dicatis hec peccata perpetrabantur. Quid dicam de avaritia rapinis et violentis iudiciis? dum luce clarius constat, quantum ubique hec crimina succreverunt et populus testatur spoliatus. Qui sanctas legit scripturas et veteres revolvit historias et seculi considerat eventum, inveniet pro huiusmodi peccatis reges regna et populos patriam perdidisse. Et dum aliena potentes iniuste rapuerunt, propria iuste perdiderunt. Signa enim huius miserie precesserunt, alia per res inconsuetas, alia per mores insolitos. Quid significat pluvia sanguinis, qui quadragessimali tempore Euboraca civitate, in ecclesia beati Petri principis apostolorum, que caput est totius regni, vidimus de borealibus domus sereno aere de summitate minaciter cadere tecti? Nonne potest putari a borealibus poenas sanguinis venire super populum? quod in hoc facto nuper ingruente super domum Dei incepisse videri potest. Considerate habitum, tonsuram, et mores principum et populi luxuriosos. Ecce tonsura, quam in barbis et in capillis paganis adsimilari voluistis. Nonne illorum terror inminet, quorum tonsuram habere voluistis? Quid quoque inmoderatus vestimentorum usus ultra humane necessitate nature ultra antecessorum nostrorum consuetudinem? Haec superfluitas principum paupertas est populi. Tales consuetudines olim populo Dei nocuerunt et eum paganis gentibus dederunt in obprobrium, dicente propheta: ‘Ve vobis, qui vendidistis pauperem pro calciamentis’, id est animas hominum pro ornamentis pedum. Alii inormitate vestium laborant, alii frigore pereunt; alii [44] deliciis et epulis ut purpuratus dives inundant et Lazarus ante ianuam fame moritur. Ubi est fraterna karitas? ubi misericordia, quam in miseros habere ammonetur? Satietas divitis esuries est pauperis. Timenda est illa dominica sententia: ‘ludicium absque misericordia illi est, qui non facit misericordiam’. Item beato Petro apostolo dicente legimus: ‘Tempus est, ut iudicium incipiat a domo Dei’. Ecce iudicium a domo Dei, in qua tanta luminaria totius Brittanniae requiescunt, cum magno ingruit terrore. Quid de aliis estimandum est locis, dum huic sanctissimo loco iudicium non pepercit divinum? Non arbitror illorum hoc esse, qui in eo habitant loco, tantummodo peccatum. Utinam et illorum correptio aliorum sit emendatio. Et quod pauci perpessi sunt, plurimi pertimescant et unusquisque dicat in corde suo gemens et tremebundus: ‘Si tanti viri et tarn sancti patres suam habitationem et requiei suae loca non defenderunt, quis mea defendet?’ Defendite patriam precibus assiduis ad Deum, iustitiae et misericordiae operibus ad homines. Sit vobis moderatus usus in vestimentis et cibo. Nichil melius patriam defendit quam principum equitas et pietas et servorum Dei intercessiones. Mementote, quod Ezechias rex iustus et pius una prece impetravit a Deo, ut hostium centum octoginta quinque milia una nocte perimerentur ab angelo. Similiter idem ipso mortem inminentem sibi lacrimis profusis avertit et quindecim annos vite suae hac prece superaddi promeruit a Deo. Mores enim honestos habete Deo placabiles et hominibus laudabiles. Estote rectores populi, non raptores; pastores, non predatores. Deo dante honores accepistis: adtendite observationem mandatorum eius, ut eum habeatis servatorem, quem habuistis largitorem. Oboedite sacerdotibus Dei. Illi enim habent rationem reddere Deo, quomodo vos ammoneant; et vos, quomodo oboediatis illis. Sit una. pax et karitas inter vos. llli intercessores pro vobis, vos defensores pro illis. Super omnia autem karitatem Dei habete in cordibus vestris, et eandem caritatem in observatione mandatorum eius ostendite. Amate eum ut patrem, ut ille vos defendat quasi filios. Volentes nolentes illum habebitis iudicem. Adtcndite bonis operibus, ut propitium eum habeatis vobis. Preterit enim figura huius mundi; et omnia kaduca sunt, que hic videntur vel habentur. Hoc solum de suo labore potest homo secum adferre, quod in elemosinis so vel bonis operibus gerit. Omnes oportet nos stare ante tribunal Christi, ut ostendat unusquisque omnia, que gessit, sive bonum sive malum. Cavete tormenta gehenne, dum vitari possunt; et adquirite vobis regnum Dei et eternam beatitudinem cum Christo et sanctis eius in secula sempiterna. Deus vos et in hoc terreno regno felices efficiat et eternam vobis concedat cum sanctis suis patriam, domini patres fratres et filii karissimi. |
Letter of Alcuin to Æthelred, king of Northumbria
Übersetzung nach: Whitelock 1955, S. 775–777.
To the most beloved lord King Ethelred and all his chief men, Alcuin the humble deacon, sends greeting.
Mindful of your most sweet love, O men my brothers and fathers, also esteemed in Christ the Lord; desiring the divine mercy to conserve for us in long-lasting prosperity our land, which it once with its grace conferred on us with free generosity; I do not cease to warn you very often, my dearest fellowsoldiers, either with words, when present, if God should grant it, or by letters when absent, by the inspiration of the divine spirit, and by frequent iteration to pour forth to your ears, as we are citizens of the same country, the things known to belong to the welfare of an earthly kingdom and to the beatitude of an eternal kingdom; that the things often heard may be implanted in your minds for your good. For what is love in a friend, if it is silent on matters profitable to the friend? To what does a man owe fidelity, if not to his fatherland? To whom does he owe prosperity, if not to its citizens? We are fellowcitizens by a two-fold relationship: sons of one city in Christ, that is, of Mother Church, and natives of one country. Thus let not your kindness shrink from accepting benignly what my devotion is eager to offer for the welfare of our country. Do not think that I impute faults to you; but understand that I wish to avert penalties.
Lo, it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land, and never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race, nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made. Behold, the church of St Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God, despoiled of all its ornaments; a place more venerable than all in Britain is given as prey to pagan peoples. And where first, after the departure of St Paulinus from York, the Christian religion in our race took its rise, there misery and calamity have begun. Who does not fear this? Who does not lament this as if his country were captured? Foxes pillage the chosen vine, the heritage of the Lord has been given to a people not his own; and where there was the praise of God, are now the games of the Gentiles; the holy festivity has been turned to mourning.
Consider carefully, brothers, and examine diligently, lest perchance this unaccustomed and unheard-of evil was merited by some unheard-of evil practice. I do not say that formerly there were no sins of fornication among the people. But from the days of King Ælfwold fornications, adulteries and incest have poured over the land, so that these sins have been committed without any shame and even against the handmaids dedicated to God. What may I say about avarice, robbery, violent judgments? – when it is clearer than day how much these crimes have increased everywhere, and a despoiled people testifies to it. Whoever reads the Holy Scriptures and ponders ancient histories and considers the fortune of the world will find that for sins of this kind kings lost kingdoms and peoples their country; and while the strong unjustly seized the goods of others, they justly lost their own.
Truly signs of this misery preceded it, some through unaccustomed things, some through unwonted practices. What portends the bloody rain, which in the time of Lent in the church of St Peter, Prince of Apostles, in the city of York, which is the head of the whole kingdom, we saw fall menacingly on the north side from the summit of the roof, though the sky was serene? Can it not be expected that from the north there will come upon our nation retribution of blood, which can be seen to have started with this attack which has lately befallen the house of God?
Consider the dress, the way of wearing the hair, the luxurious habits of the princes and people. Look at your trimming of beard and hair, in which you have wished to resemble the pagans. Are you not menaced by terror of them whose fashion you wished to follow? What also of the immoderate use of clothing beyond the needs of human nature, beyond the custom of our predecessors? The princes’ superfluity is poverty for the people. Such customs once injured the people of God, and made it a reproach to the pagan races, as the prophet says: “Woe to you, who have sold the poor for a pair of shoes”, that is, the souls of men for ornaments for the feet. Some labour under an enormity of clothes, others perish with cold; some are inundated with delicacies and feastings like Dives clothed in purple, and Lazarus dies of hunger at the gate. Where is brotherly love? Where the pity which we are admonished to have for the wretched? The satiety of the rich is the hunger of the poor. That saying of our Lord is to be feared: “For judgment without mercy to him that hath not done mercy.” Also we read in the words of the blessed Peter: “The time is that judgment should begin at the house of God.”
Behold, judgment has begun, with great terror, at the house of God, in which rest such lights of the whole of Britain. What should be expected for other places, when the divine judgment has not spared this holy place? I do not think this sin is theirs alone who dwell in that place. Would that their correction would be the amendment of others, and that many would fear what a few have suffered, and each say in his heart, groaning and trembling: “If such great men and fathers so holy did not defend their habitation and the place of their repose, who will defend mine?” Defend your country by assiduous prayers to God, by acts of justice and mercy to men. Let your use of clothes and food be moderate. Nothing defends a country better than the equity and godliness of princes and the intercessions of the servants of God. Remember that Hezekiah, that just and pious king, procured from God by a single prayer that a hundred and eighty-five thousand of the enemy were destroyed by an angel in one night. Likewise with profuse tears he averted from him death when it threatened him, and deserved of God that fifteen years were added to his life by this prayer.
Have decent habits, pleasing to God and laudable to men. Be rulers of the people, not robbers; shepherds, not plunderers. You have received honours by God’s gift; give heed to the keeping of his commands, that you may have him as a preserver whom you had as a benefactor. Obey the priests of God; for they have an account to make to God, how they admonish you; and you, how you obey them. Let one peace and love be between you; they as interceders for you, you as defenders of them. But, above all, have the love of God in your hearts, and show that love by keeping his commandments. Love him as a father, that he may defend you as sons. Whether you will or not, you will have him as a judge. Pay heed to good works, that he may be propitious to you. “For the fashion of this world passeth away”; and all things are fleeting which are seen or possessed here. This alone from his labour can a man take with him, what he did in alms-giving and good works. We must all stand before the judgment-seat of Christ, and each must show all that he did, whether good or evil. Beware of the torments of hell, while they can be avoided; and acquire for yourselves the kingdom of God and eternal beatitude with Christ and his saints in eternal ages.
May God both make you happy in this earthly kingdom and grant to you an eternal country with his saints, O lords, my dearest fathers, brothers and sons.
KurzbiographieAlkuin wurde um das Jahr 732 im Königreich Northumbria im Norden des heutigen Englands in eine adelige Familie geboren. Er ging in die Klosterschule von York, und war dort später selbst Lehrer und Bibliothekar. Er wurde in den 760er Jahren Diakon, wurde aber nie zum Priester geweiht. Nachdem Eanbald 778 zum Erzbischof von York ernannt wurde, reiste Alkuin 781 nach Rom, um vom Papst das . Auf der Rückreise traf er in Parma auf Karl den Großen. Alkuin folgte dessen Einladung und lehrte fortan in der Palastschule in Aachen. Er unterstützte Karl den Großen bei kulturellen und liturgischen Reformen und wurde zu dessen einflussreichstem Ratgeber. Er war an den berühmten Auftragsschriften Karls des Großen beteiligt, der Admonitio generalis, und den Libri carolini. Alkuins gesammelte Werke umfassen u.a. Schriften zur Grammatik, Rhetorik, Astronomie, Hagiographie, Exegese und Theologie. Über 270 seiner Briefe und über 100 Dichtungen haben sich außerdem erhalten. Alkuin unterhielt während seiner Zeit auf dem Kontinent einen regen Briefkontakt mit Regenten, Klerikern und Laien auf den Britischen Inseln. Im Jahr 786, und von 790 bis 793 kehrte er für längere Zeit nach England zurück. Der Brief an König Æthelred (nach dem 8. Juni 793) folgte auf den Aufenthalt Alkuins in Northumbria, der dem Beginn von Æthelreds zweiter Regentschaft geschuldet war.
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